Hazards and vulnerabilities among informal wetland communities in Kampala, Uganda

Population pressure, urbanization and industrial developments, among other factors, have resulted in severe degradation of environmental resources such as wetlands. In the face of increased climate variability, several hazards continue to emerge, affecting the vulnerable sectors of society, especially the poor. Risks due to hazards and vulnerabilities are context specific; they are shaped by causal mechanisms and local conditions, which need to be understood if risks are to be reduced. In this paper, a range of hazards, perceived vulnerabilities and associated factors among wetland communities in Kampala have been analysed. The analysis is based on a survey of 551 households using semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. The study focused on communities living in four wetlands that drain the city?s wastewater into Murchison Bay in Lake Victoria. Results show floods and waterlogging as the principal hazards; however, secondary effects of floods and waterlogging such as disease vectors and diseases affect more people than the floods. Tenants were more likely than landlords/homeowners to be exposed to floods, and households that spend more than US$ 80 per month were less likely than households that spend less to be exposed to floods. Households that had been exposed to floods before were more likely to perceive themselves as vulnerable. Variations in exposure to hazards and perceived vulnerabilities could be due to differences in the capacity to resist, cope with, or adapt to minimize vulnerability. An investigation of adaptation mechanisms responding to the various hazards identified in this paper would enrich understanding of the elements that shape risk in this context.