The Pavarana Sutta and “liberation in both ways” as against “liberation by wisdom”

There are six complete versions of the Pavara a Sutta (Pravara a Sutra). The Ekottarika Agama version (EA 32.5) differs significantly from the other five. It contains an episode involving Ananda, a non-arhat, which is not found in the other five versions. In the five versions other than EA 32.5, this Pravara a ceremony is depicted as an assembly of arhats, who are endowed with different “liberations”. This paper shows that such divergences are correlated with one another and that EA 32.5 could be earlier than the other versions. In this connection I elucidate diverse notions of liberation as developed in the textual history and discuss the possibility that sectarian stance on the issue of liberation has a bearing on the inclusion of various types of arhats in the five versions, and their exclusion from EA 32.5, whose sectarian affiliation is identified in this study as Mahasa ghika.