Development and the Making of an "Entrepreneurial Class" in Lebowa

Though the bantustans were economically impoverished and politically fraudulent, their leaders often claimed to be driving a "development agenda" that valorised the power of the market, and particularly the transformative potential of "entrepreneurship" for the well-being of all black South Africans. Using Lebowa, the Northern Sotho bantustan, as a case study, I examine why "development" became such an important framing concept for the homeland project, how the concept changed over time, and why its application was constrained in Lebowa. I show how the internal debates within "development circles"--from policy planners to black businessmen--showcased varying understandings and beliefs about the nature of Lebowa's economy and how best to overcome its weaknesses. But by treating "development" as more than just a legitimising discourse, I ultimately argue that "development" practices-- and their particular focus on creating an "entrepreneurial class"--served to entrench an already existing elite in Lebowa.